Development of reduced risk control strategies for western flower thrips and silverleaf whiteflies associated with chrysanthemum and poinsettia cuttings. The western flower thrips has expanded its range from the north american continent to europe, australia and south africa. Proceedings of the 1993 international conference on thysanoptera. It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably tospoviruses morse and hoddle, 2006. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page thrips palmi was first described by h. Sustainable thrips control page 2 biology and identification there are at least 6,000 species of thrips in the world. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface. Invasion genetics of the western flower thrips in china. Biology, crop injury, and management of thrips thysanoptera. View or download all content the institution has subscribed to. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop dam age, vectoring. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, which originated from western north america, has invaded much of the agricultural world since the 1970s, and in so doing, has become a dominant thrips species. Thripidae is a native insect of the western part of north america that was first reported in 1895. Abstract thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits.
Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. Their bodies range from a pale yellow to darker brown and they have slender wings fringed with fine hairs setae. A new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips. Pdf biology and ecology of the western flower thrips.
Invasion biology, ecology, and management of frankliniella occidentalis in china. Adult thrips overwinter in plant debris, bark, or other materials. The general life cycle of western flower thrips is similar to that of other species in the family thripidae, consisting of an egg, 2 active feeding larval instars, 2 relatively quiescent pupal in stars, and the adult. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis p. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and. Karny in 1925 from specimens collected in 1921 on tobacco in sumatra. The tremendous growth in international agricultural trade that developed then fostered the invasiveness of western flower thrips. Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 7 biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera.
Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. So, one way to determine if thrips are infesting plants in or around your home is to put a blank sheet of white paper beneath the flowers or leaves of the plant and shake the plant. It prefers to feed on onions, but feeds on many field crops, vegetables, various flowers, and bedding plants. The model used daily cohorts individuals of the same developmental stage and daily age as the population unit. Ministry of agriculture and lands thrips identification with the exception of the striped e. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their. They can be a problem in several other crops such as cabbage, cotton, celery, tomatoes, beans, cucumber and pineapple. Thripidae is a polyphagous pest of vegetable crops in various parts of the world cabi, 1998 including hawaii, puerto rico and southern parts of florida capinera, 2000. However, although phytophagy is the predominant habit, some species partake of both types of food and others subsist only on insect food. Pdf western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many. Pdf invasion biology, ecology, and management of western.
Stage transitions were modeled as a logistic function of accumulated degreedays to account for variability in development rate among. Onion thrips have been found in most countries throughout the world. The chilli thrips derivation 1 or yellow tea thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis hood, is an extremely successful invasive species of pestthrips which has expanded rapidly from asia over the last twenty years, and is gradually achieving a global distribution. Download citation invasion biology of thrips thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Thrips, order thysanoptera, are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings. In this study, we investigated western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, an invasive pest in europe.
They become active in early spring and lay eggs in plant tissue. Invasion biology of thrips 69 introduction pathways and establishment frequently, successfully established nonnative thrips species are introduced accidentally, repeatedly, and discontinuously over long periods from one or more ranges into new areas 50, 122, 159. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. In addition to understanding this general thrips biology, it is helpful to understand the biological relationship between thrips and tospoviruses. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is an invasive species and the most economically important pest within the insect order thysanoptera. Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their impacts on the biology of thrips tabaci.
Invasion of pests may result in local adaptation and the development of biotypes specialized in different hosts. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis fig. Overview a number species of thrips demonstrate predaceous behavior, and in previous years the entire order was considered to be essentially predaceous rather than phytophagous. A global invasion by the thrip, frankliniella occidentalis. The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. South east asia pest thrips species, thrips parvispinus karny, is a serious pest on a number of agricultural and horticultural crops in a number of plant families. Variation in genetics and performance of dutch western. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions of more than 100 pounds of lint per acre. Strawberries grown in florida are attacked by several arthropod pests, including flower thrips. Thripidae is a major agricultural and horticulture pest worldwide kirk, 2002. Invasion of the brown marmorated stink bug hemiptera.
Colonization of onions by endophytic fungi and their impacts on the biology of thrips tabaci, plos one. Pesticidemediated interspecific competition between local. Several biological factors make western flower thrips an ideal invasive species to be spread. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Morse jg, hoddle ms 2006 invasion biology of thrips. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that.
Ppt invasion biology of thrips hs gadad powerpoint. Current virus vector status and its management zhen he. Thrips from different commercial glasshouse crops within the dutch westland and a lab culture kept on chrysanthemum were compared. Since the 1970s frankliniella occidentalis has successfully invaded many countries. If there are thrips on the plant, at least some will fall off, and their dark bodies will be easily seen on the white paper. Competitive interaction between frankliniella occidentalis. Western flower thrips, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Thrips are difficult to see with the unaided eye, adults averaging between 0. It was named after the director of the medan quarantine station, dr bt palm, and although it has been referred to as palm thrips cie, 1986 it is not known to be associated with any palm tree species. How to control and get rid of thrips in your garden. One of the most important aspects of western flower thrips biology is its polyphagy. Biology and control of thrips on seedling cotton thrips are the smallest of all cotton insect pests with an overall body length of less than onetwelfth of an inch. Thrips feeding is usually accompanied by black varnishlike flecks of frass excrement. Vincent 2004 florida 2005, texas 2006, and puerto rico 2007.
Thrips palmi has spread from its presumed origin, the island of sumatra, to the coast of florida, and threatens to extend its distribution throughout north and south america. Biology, ecology and management of onion thrips in onion biology, ecology and management of onion thrips in onion updated march 2007updated march 2007. Thrips tabaci lindeman is cosmopolitan, feeding on at least 140 species from over 40 families of plants. Thripidae on japanese fruit trees by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the ribosomal its2 region volume 92 issue 4 s. They inhabit leaves, shoots, and flowers of many plants. You can find thrips in almost any cultivated and weedy plants. Based on an integrated approach of morphology and dna barcoding, invasion of this serious pest is reported first time from india on papaya plantations. Predation by neoseiulus cucumeris and amblyseius swirskii.
Thrips response to insecticides in laboratory experiments. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western. There was a significant interaction between insecticide treatments and time on the proportions of. Onions, garlic and other related plants are the prefered hosts of thrips. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western flower thrips. Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves that may cause green onions scallions to. A few of the main species of thrips known to injure greenhouse crops are summarized in. Invasion biology of thrips invasion biology of thrips morse, joseph g hoddle, mark s. Of the 5000 or so species of thrips, only 17 species, all in the family thripidae, are reported as vectors of plant viruses table 12. Soon thereafter, it was found in europe in dutch greenhouses and has since become an exotic pest of greenhouse production. Thrips order thysanoptera are minute mostly 1 mm long or less, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. The life cycle depends on the species of thrips as well as the location, host plant, and other factors. Investigating the effect of invasion characteristics on. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral.
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